Factors Affecting Seismic Levee Performance: Case Study from 2007 Niigata, Japan Earthquake
Sponsored by the California Department of Water Resources
MLIT's mission is to utilize, develop and conserve land in Japan in an integrated and systematic way; develop infrastructure necessary for attaining those goals; implement transportation policies; promote the progress of meteorological tasks; and maintain marine safety and security. MLIT Water Bureau provides board meeting reports regarding seismic levee design and a river facility seismic design guide including levee design guide (in Japanese).
JICE have held board meetings about seismic levee design after significant earthquakes in Japan. The hand-outs of the meetings, 1. 2007 Niigata Chuetsu-oki earthquake and 2. 2011 Tohoku earthquake are available in the website (in Japanese).
NLSD provides Geological and Surface geological maps for all Japanese area. It is available as 1:50,000 scale map.
The water level in major rivers in Japan is measured at several stations along rivers, which is provided by Water Information System (WIS). The water level is recorded hourly.
The Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI) is the only national organization that conducts basic survey and mapping and instructs related organizations to clarify the conditions of land in Japan and that provides the results of surveys to help improve Japan territory. It supplies a web-based 1:25,00 scale flood control map for major rivers in Japan.
MLIT Hokuriku Regional Development Bureau posted reports regarding 2004 Niigata Chuetsu Earthquake and 2007 Niigata Chuetsu-oki Earthquake which struck the Shinano River in Niigata area (in Japanese). The reports contain damage and repair procedure on river facility such as levee and bridge within the Shinano River.
K-NET is an observation network composed with about 1000 broadband strong-motion seismographs, with a dynamic range up to acceleration of 4000 cm/sec/sec, deployed 25km intervals in nationwide of Japan. The observed data and peak distribution maps are available as soon as an earthquake happened, and you can download the data not manually checked.
As the fundamental activities of the Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion, Japan, the 692 high sensitivity seismographs (Hi-net) and the strong-motion seismographs (KiK-net) across the all of Japan, have been deployed after the 1995 Kobe earthquake, by National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED). Each site of the KiK-net is composed of a pair of strong-motion seismographs installed at the well bottom, which is the same location as the Hi-net sensors, and on the ground surface. Observed wave data, distribution map of peak acceleration, etc., are available to the public.
Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) implements its services with the following goals: Prevention and mitigation of natural disasters, Safety of transportation, Development and prosperity of industry, and Improvement of public welfare. For the sake of these goals, JMA posts significant earthquake observation data on its website (list of earthquakes).
Port and Airport Research Institute (PARI) aims at improving technology development relating to effective and efficient development of port and airport by achieving investigation, research and technology development on port and airport development. For the sake of these goals, it operates a seismic network installed in port and airport area.
Building Research Institute (BRI) provides strong motion data recorded at base and various floors in buildings.
US Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) provide vital public engineering services in peace and war to strengthen our Nation's security, energize the economy, and reduce risks from disasters. Levee safety program in Corps provides a manual presenting basic principles for design and construction of levees with detailed description.
FEMA supports people to build, sustain, and improve its capability to prepare for, protect against, respond to, recover from, and mitigate all hazards. To prevent flood hazard, FEMA is revising its levee analysis and mapping approach without changing the regulation, Title 44, Chapter 1, Section 65.10 titled “Mapping of areas protected by levee systems.” The revising process is shown in a website.
The mission of the Department of Water Resources (DWR) is to manage the water resources of California, in cooperation with other agencies, to benefit the State's people and to protect, restore, and enhance the natural and human environment. DWR's roles and responsibilities in wetlands management include avoidance and mitigation of wetlands impacts, wetlands protection and restoration, and technical assistance regarding water management.
The FloodSAFE program is a sustainable integrated flood management and emergency response system throughout California that improves public safety, protects and enhances environmental and cultural resources, and supports economic growth by reducing the probability of destructive floods, promoting beneficial floodplain processes, and lowering the damages caused by flooding
Central Valley Flood Management Plan (CVFMP) provides the current and future risk and recommend improvements to reduce levee damage. There are two progress summaries (No.1, No.2) updated until August, 2011.
Delta Risk Management Strategy (DRMS) program is describing the risks in the Sacramento Delta including seismicity, flooding, and land subsidence.
Interim Levee Design Criteria (ILDC) provides levee design criteria before regulations for levee design criteria set. It includes existing levee criteria (i.e., by Corps and FEMA) and suggests improved criteria.
The ULE program 1. evaluates the existing condition of levees relative to established United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and DWR Interim levee Design Criteria (ILDC) levee design criteria, 2. identifies potential levee deficiencies and provides recommended improvements, and 3. identifies potential levee repair alternatives and associated costs. A guidance document for geotechnical analyses with respect to ULE program has been preparing by URS.
The California State Water Project (SWP) is a water storage and delivery system of reservoirs, aqueducts, powerplants and pumping plants. Its main purpose is to store water and distribute it to 29 urban and agricultural water suppliers in Northern California, the San Francisco Bay Area, the San Joaquin Valley, the Central Coast, and Southern California. Of the contracted water supply, 70 percent goes to urban users and 30 percent goes to agricultural users.
The Central Valley Project (CVP) is a United States Bureau of Reclamation federal water project in the U.S. state of California. The project supplies irrigation and municipal water, produces hydropower, and provides flood control and recreation on its many large reservoirs. Twenty dams and reservoirs, 11 hydroelectric power plants, and 500 miles (800 km) of canals and aqueducts make up the project, which is separated into eight divisions and ten distinct units. Nine million acre feet of water are managed by the CVP, while 7 million acre feet are delivered annually.